HINTS AND RULES / REFRIGERATION

Refrigeration

  1. One ton of refrigeration equals the removal of 12,000 Btu/h of heat.

  2. CAt various temperature levels; 0 to 50ƒF, use chilled brine and glycol solutions; -50 to 40ƒF, ammonia, Freons, butane; -150 to -50ƒF, ethane or propane.

  3. In single stage compression, the compression ratio is limited to about 4.

  4. In multistage compression, economy is improved with interstage flashing and recycling, ie: economiser operation.

  5. Absorption-refrigeration (employing ammonia to -30ƒF, lithium bromide to 45ƒF) is economical when waste steam is available at 12 psig or so.



HINTS AND RULES
Drying and SolidsConveyors for Particular SolidsCooling TowersCompressors and Vacuum PumpsCrushing and Grinding
Extraction, Liquid-LiquidCrystallatisation from SolutionFiltrationHeat ExchangersMixing and Agitation
Particle Size EnlargementpipingPumpsReactorsRefrigeration
Size Seperation of ParticlesUtilities, Common SpecificationsVessels (Storage Tanks)

The information is arranged by commonly recognised categories. In some instances, definitions and general statements have been included for clarity.